Posted: December 17th, 2016

What are the main structures providing tensile strength in the following? A. animal connective tissue. 4

D. minus end of microtubule tail of motor protein cargo of motor protein head of motor protein Which of the two motors is most probably a kinesin? Explain your answer. 6) Some lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibians can control their color by regulating specialized pigment cells called melanophores. These cells contain small, pigmented organelles, termed melanosomes, that can be dispersed throughout the cell, making the cell darker, or aggregated in the center of the cell to make the cell lighter. You purify the melanosomes from melanophores that have either aggregated or dispersed melanosomes and find that: 1. 2. aggregated melanosomes co-purify with dynein; dispersed melanosomes co-purify with kinesin. Given this set of data, propose a mechanism for how the aggregation and dispersal of melanosomes occur. 7) In the cell, the concentration of actin monomer is higher than the concentration required for purified actin monomers to polymerize in vitro. Thymosin is a protein that can bind actin monomers. If you were to add a drug that inhibits the ability of thymosin to bind actin monomers, what effect would this have on actin polymerization? Explain your answer. 8) You are examining a cell line in which activation of the Rho family member Rac promotes lamellipodia formation. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? (a) Cells carrying a Rac mutation that makes Rac act as if it is always bound to GTP will polymerize more unbranched actin filaments than normal cells. (b) Cells carrying a Rac mutation that makes Rac unable to exchange GDP for GTP will polymerize more unbranched actin filaments than normal cells. (c) Cells carrying a Rac mutation that makes Rac act as if it is always bound to GTP will polymerize more branched actin filaments than normal cells. (d) Cells carrying a Rac mutation that makes Rac unable to exchange GDP for GTP will polymerize more branched actin filaments than normal cells. 9) You isolate some muscle fibers to examine what regulates muscle contraction. When you bathe the muscle fibers in a solution containing ATP and Ca2+, you see muscle contraction (experiment 3 in the table below). Ca2+ is necessary, as solutions containing ATP alone or nothing do not stimulate contraction and thus the muscle remains in a relaxed state (experiments 1 and 2 in Table Q17-49). From what you know about the mechanism of muscle contraction, fill in your predictions of whether the muscle will be contracted or relaxed for experiments 4, 5, and 6. Explain your answers. Experiment number added to muscle fibers muscle state 1 nothing relaxed 2 ATP relaxed 2+ 3 ATP and Ca 4 ATP, Ca2+, and a drug that inhibits troponin from binding Ca2+ 5 ATP and a drug that inhibits binding of tropomyosin to actin 6 a nonhydrolyzable analog of ATP contracted In what state would the muscle be if you added Ca2+ but no ATP? Chapter 20 Cell Communities, Tissues 1) What are the main structures providing tensile strength in the following? A. animal connective tissue